WASHINGTON: As humankind moves towards the goal of establishing a long-term presence on the moon and Mars, the question of whether reproduction is possible in extraterrestrial environments may no longer be merely hypothetical. And new research using simulated microgravity conditions has identified some major challenges.

Experiments conducted by scientists in Australia found that microgravity conditions, simulated in a laboratory, disrupt sperm navigation, reduce fertilisation rates and, when exposure is prolonged, compromise the quality and survival of early embryos.

They found that human and mouse sperm cells were around 50pc less effective at swimming through a channel mimicking the female reproductive tract under these conditions compared to normal gravity. In mouse eggs, this translated into a drop of roughly 30pc in fertilisation success. The research also revealed complications in early embryo development.

The human body evolved over millions of years to function optimally in Earth’s environment, including its gravity, and trekking beyond Earth’s confines causes many physiological changes that affect human health. The United States, with Nasa’s Artemis programme, is planning to land astronauts on the moon in the coming years, as is China.

“With the Artemis programme actively working to return humans to the moon and serious plans underway for crewed Mars missions, the ability to reproduce beyond Earth is fundamental to any long-term settlement,” said reproductive scientist Nicole McPherson, who heads the Sperm and Embryo Biology Group at Adelaide University’s Robinson Research Institute in Australia, lead author of the study published in the journal Communications Biology.

“That includes not just human reproduction but also the animals and agricultural species any self-sustaining habitat would depend on,” said McPherson, who also serves as director of research and diagnostic laboratories at Genea, one of Australia’s leading IVF providers.

Fertilisation occurs when a man’s sperm cell navigates through the female reproductive tract and penetrates an egg cell, with the genetic material of the two cells combining. The new study is the first to show that gravity plays a critical role in sperm’s ability to navigate toward an egg.

“It is not the ability to swim that is affected. Sperm in microgravity still move, they just cannot find their way. The function that appears to be disrupted is navigation, the ability to orient and move with purpose toward a destination. We believe this happens because many of the proteins on the surface of sperm act as mechanosensors, tiny molecular devices that detect physical forces including gravity,” McPherson said.

“When that gravitational pull is removed, these sensors appear to be thrown off, leaving the sperm without a reliable frame of reference for up, down or which direction to move. It is a bit like trying to navigate a maze blindfolded and spinning,” McPherson said.

Adding progesterone, a female hormone naturally released around the time of ovulation as a chemical homing signal that assists sperm in finding their way, helped more human sperm overcome microgravity’s negative effects.

Simulating microgravity

To simulate microgravity, the researchers used a device that makes cells experience a condition resembling the continuous free fall of weightlessness in space. To test navigation, they used a plastic chamber with narrow channels open at both ends, with the sperm needing to navigate from one end to the other.

There was a roughly 50pc reduction in the number of human and mouse sperm that successfully navigated in microgravity compared to normal gravity. For mouse eggs, there was a 30pc reduction in successful fertilisation after four to six hours of microgravity compared to normal gravity.

Published in Dawn, March 31st, 2026